《科學》雜志曾于(yu)創刊125周年之際發(fa)布過125個推(tui)動基礎科學研究的科學難題，對指引其后(hou)十幾年的科學發(fa)展(zhan)產生(sheng)積極影響。

      16年過(guo)去了，科(ke)技發(fa)展(zhan)日新月異，科(ke)學突破層出不窮，許(xu)多(duo)問(wen)(wen)題得(de)到一定程度的(de)(de)解答，一些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題更深入。“巨大的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)在許(xu)多(duo)科(ke)學領域發(fa)生，現在正是回顧過(guo)往(wang)和展(zhan)望(wang)未來的(de)(de)大好時機(ji)（great time），來尋找科(ke)學靈感。我相信這些(xie)問(wen)(wen)題將成為代表(biao)未來的(de)(de)年輕人思(si)考(kao)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要部(bu)分。”世界頂尖科(ke)學家協(xie)會副主席、2013年諾貝(bei)爾(er)化(hua)(hua)學獎的(de)(de)主Michael Levitt在致辭中(zhong)說(shuo)到。

      此次125個科學問題《科學》雜志專刊作為交大建校125周年紀念活動之一，問題征集結合國際前沿、全球共需、科學發展，聚焦前瞻重大科學問題，面向科學家、學生、社會征集。世界頂尖科學家協會也發揮資源優勢，邀請諾貝爾獎、沃爾夫獎、拉斯克獎、圖靈獎、麥克阿瑟天才獎等世界“最強大腦”共同參與，共同討論人類當前與未來面對的科學問題。

SJTU & Science 125個科學問題

Mathematical Sciences

數學

1. What makes prime numbers so special?

1.什么(me)使素數如(ru)此(ci)特別？

2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?

2.納維爾-斯托克(ke)斯問題會得(de)到解(jie)決(jue)嗎(ma)？

3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?

3.黎曼猜(cai)想是真的嗎(ma)？

Chemistry

化學

1. Are there more color pigments to discover?

1.還(huan)有更多(duo)色彩元素可發(fa)現(xian)嗎？

2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?

2.元素(su)周期(qi)表會完整嗎(ma)？

3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?

3.如何在微觀(guan)層(ceng)面測量(liang)界面現象？

4. What is the future for energy storage？

4.能量(liang)存儲的(de)未來是(shi)怎樣(yang)的(de)？

5. Why does life require chirality?

5.為什么生命需要手性？

6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?

6.我(wo)們如何(he)更好地管理世界上的塑(su)料廢物(wu)？

7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?

7.AI會重新定義化學的(de)未來(lai)嗎？

8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?

8.物(wu)質如何被編碼而成為生命材料？

9. What drives reproduction in living systems?

9.是什么(me)驅動生命系統的(de)復制(zhi)？

Medicine & Health

醫學與健康

1. Can we predict the next pandemic?

1.我們可以預測下一次(ci)流行病嗎？

2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?

2.我們會找到(dao)治療感冒的(de)方(fang)法嗎？

3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?

3.我們可以設計和制造(zao)出為個人定制的藥物(wu)嗎(ma)？

4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?

4.人體組織(zhi)或器(qi)官可以完全再生嗎？

5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?

5.如何維(wei)持(chi)和(he)調(diao)節免疫(yi)穩態？

6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?

6.中(zhong)醫的經絡系統有科學依據嗎(ma)？

7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?

7.下一代疫(yi)苗將如何生產(chan)？

8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?

8.我們能否克服抗生素耐藥(yao)性？

9. What is the etiology of autism?

9.自(zi)閉癥的病因是什(shen)么？

10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?

10.我們(men)的微(wei)生物組(zu)在健康和疾病中(zhong)扮演什么角色？

11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?

11.異種移植能否解(jie)決供體(ti)器官的短缺(que)問題？

Biology

生命科學

1. What could help conservation of the oceans?

1.什么(me)可以幫助保護(hu)海(hai)洋？

2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?

2.我(wo)們可(ke)以阻止(zhi)自(zi)己(ji)衰老嗎？

3. Why can only some cells become other cells?

3.為什么(me)只有一些細(xi)胞會變成其他細(xi)胞？

4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?

4.為什么有(you)些基因組非常大而另一(yi)些卻很小(xiao)？

5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?

5.有可(ke)能(neng)治愈所(suo)有癌癥嗎？

6. What genes make us uniquely human?

6.哪些基因使我們人類與眾(zhong)不(bu)同？

7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?

7.遷徙動物如何知道(dao)它(ta)們要去哪里(li)？

8. How many species are there on Earth?

8.地(di)球上有多少物種？

9. How do organisms evolve?

9.有機體是如何進(jin)化的？

10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?

10.為什(shen)么恐龍長得如此之大？

11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?

11.遠(yuan)古人(ren)類是否曾與其他類人(ren)祖先雜交？

12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?

12.人類為什么會對貓(mao)狗(gou)如此著迷(mi)？

13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?

13.世界人口會無限增長嗎？

14. Why do we stop growing?

14.我們(men)為(wei)什么(me)會停止生長？

15. Is de-extinction possible?

15.能否(fou)復(fu)活(huo)滅絕生物(wu)？

16. Can humans hibernate?

16.人類可以冬眠嗎？

17. Where do human emotions originate?

17.人類的(de)情(qing)感源于(yu)何處(chu)？

18. Will humans look physically different in the future?

18.未(wei)來人類(lei)的外貌會有(you)所不同(tong)嗎？

19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?

19.為什么會(hui)發生物種大爆發和大滅絕？

20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?

20.基(ji)因組編輯將如(ru)何用于治(zhi)療疾病？

21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?

21.可以人工合成細(xi)胞嗎？

22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?

22.細胞(bao)內的(de)生物分子是(shi)如何(he)組織從而有序有效發揮(hui)作用的(de)？

Astronomy

天文學

1. How many dimensions are there in space?

1.空間中(zhong)有(you)多(duo)少個維(wei)度(du)？

2. What is the shape of the universe?

2.宇宙的形(xing)狀是怎樣的？

3. Where did the big bang start?

3.大(da)爆炸從(cong)何處開始？

4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?

4.為什么(me)行星(xing)的軌道不(bu)衰減并導致它們相互(hu)碰撞？

5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?

5.宇宙何時消亡？它會繼續膨(peng)脹(zhang)嗎？

6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?

6.我(wo)們有可(ke)能在另一(yi)個星球上長期(qi)居住嗎？

7. Why do black holes exist?

7.為什么(me)存(cun)在(zai)黑洞？

8. What is the universe made of?

8.宇宙是由什么(me)構成(cheng)的？

9. Are we alone in the universe?

9.我們是宇(yu)宙中唯一的生命體嗎？

10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?

10.宇宙(zhou)射線的起源是什么？

11. What is the origin of mass?

11.物質的起源是什(shen)么(me)？

12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?

12.時空的最(zui)小(xiao)尺度是(shi)是(shi)多少(shao)？

13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?

13.水是宇宙中所有生命(ming)所必需的么，還是僅對地球生命(ming)？

14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?

14.是什么阻止(zhi)了人類進行深空探測？

15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?

15.愛因(yin)斯坦(tan)的廣義相對論是正(zheng)確的嗎(ma)？

16. How are pulsars formed?

16.脈沖星是如(ru)何形成的？

17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?

17.我們的銀河系特(te)別嗎？

18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?

18.深(shen)層生物圈的規(gui)模、組成和意義是什么(me)？

19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?

19.人類有一天會(hui)不(bu)得不(bu)離開地球嗎(ma)（還是會(hui)在嘗試中(zhong)死去）？

20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?

20.宇(yu)宙(zhou)中的重(zhong)元素來自何處？

21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?

21.有可能了解致(zhi)密恒星和物質的結構(gou)嗎？

22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?

22.高(gao)能宇宙中(zhong)微子的起源是什(shen)么？

23. What is gravity?

23.什(shen)么(me)是(shi)重力？

Physics

物理學

1. Is there a diffraction limit?

1.有衍射(she)極(ji)限嗎？

2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?

2.高溫超導(dao)的微觀機理是什么？

3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?

3.物(wu)質傳熱的極限是什么？

4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?

4.集體(ti)運動的基本原(yuan)理是(shi)什么？

5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?

5.什么(me)是物質的最小組成部分(fen)？

6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?

6.我們(men)會以光速行(xing)駛嗎？

7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?

7.什么是(shi)量子(zi)不確定性，為什么它很重要？

8. Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?

8.會有“萬有理論”嗎(ma)？

9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?

9.為什么時(shi)間似乎只朝一個方向(xiang)流動？

10. What is dark matter?

10.什么(me)是(shi)暗(an)物質(zhi)？

11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?

11.我們(men)可(ke)以制作出(chu)真人大小的隱形斗(dou)篷嗎？

12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?

12.是否存在與光子(zi)性質或狀態相反的粒子(zi)？

13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?

13.玻色-愛因(yin)斯坦冷凝體未來會被廣泛使用嗎？

14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?

14.人類能制造出與太陽光相似的非相干強激光嗎？

15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?

15.我們最多可(ke)以將粒(li)子(zi)加速到多快？

16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?

16.量(liang)子多體糾纏比量(liang)子場更基本嗎(ma)？

17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?

17.量子計(ji)算機(ji)的最佳硬件是什么？

18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?

18.我們可以精確模擬宏觀和(he)微觀世界嗎？

Information Science

信息科學

1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?

1.計算機處理速度是(shi)否有上限？

2. Can AI replace a doctor?

2.AI可以(yi)代替醫生(sheng)嗎？

3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?

3.拓撲量子計算可以(yi)實現嗎？

4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?

4.DNA可(ke)以用(yong)作信息存(cun)儲介(jie)質嗎？

Engineering & Material Science

工程與材料科學

1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?

1.湍流的最終(zhong)統計不變性是什么？

2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?

2.我們如何突破當前的能量轉換(huan)效(xiao)率(lv)極限(xian)？

3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?

3.我們如(ru)何在火(huo)星上開發制造系統？

4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?

4.純無人駕駛汽(qi)車的未(wei)來是(shi)否現(xian)實？

Neuroscience

神經科學

1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?

1.神經元放電序列的編碼準(zhun)則是什么？

2. Where does consciousness lie?

2.意識存在于(yu)何處？

3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?

3.能否數字(zi)化地存儲、操控和(he)移植人類記憶(yi)？

4. Why do we need sleep?

4.為什么我們需要睡眠？

5. What is addiction and how does it work?

5.什么是成癮？

6. Why do we fall in love?

6.為什么我們(men)會墜入愛(ai)河？

7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?

7.言語如何演(yan)變形成，大(da)腦(nao)的哪些部分(fen)對其進行控制？

8. How smart are nonhuman animals?

8.除(chu)人類以外(wai)的其(qi)他動物有多(duo)聰明(ming)？

9. Why are most people right-handed?

9.為什么大多數人都是(shi)右(you)撇子？

10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?

10.我們(men)可(ke)以治(zhi)愈神經退行性疾病(bing)嗎？

11. Is it possible to predict the future?

11.有可能預知未來嗎？

12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?

12.精神(shen)障礙能否有效診斷和治療？

Ecology

生態學

1. Can we stop global climate change?

1.我們可以阻止全球氣候(hou)變化(hua)嗎？

2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?

2.我們能把過(guo)量的(de)二氧化碳(tan)存到何處？

3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?

3.是什么創(chuang)造了(le)地球(qiu)的磁場(chang)（為什么它(ta)會移動）？

4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?

4.我們是否能夠更準確地預測災害性(xing)事件（海嘯、颶風、地震）？

5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?

5.如果地球上(shang)所(suo)有的冰融化會怎樣(yang)？

6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?

6.我們可以創造一種環保的塑(su)料替代品嗎？

7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?

7.幾乎所有材料都可以回收再利(li)用是否(fou)可以實現(xian)？

8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?

8.我們會很快(kuai)看(kan)到小麥(mai)、玉(yu)米、大米和大豆等單(dan)一作物(wu)的(de)終結(jie)嗎？

Energy Science

能源科學

1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?

1.我們可以(yi)生活在一個去化石(shi)燃料的世界中(zhong)嗎(ma)？

2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?

2.氫(qing)能的未來是怎(zen)樣的？

3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?

3.冷(leng)聚變有可能(neng)實現嗎？

Artificial Intelligence

人工智能

1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?

1.可注射(she)的抗病納米機(ji)器人(ren)會(hui)成為(wei)現實嗎？

2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?

2.是(shi)否(fou)有(you)可(ke)能(neng)創建有(you)感知力的機(ji)器人？

3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?

3.人類(lei)智(zhi)力(li)是否有極限？

4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?

4.人工智能會取代人類嗎？

5. How does group intelligence emerge?

5.群(qun)體智(zhi)能是如(ru)何出現的？

6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?

6.機器人或(huo) AI 可(ke)以具有(you)人類創造力嗎？

7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?

7.量(liang)子(zi)人(ren)工智能可以(yi)模仿(fang)人(ren)腦嗎？

8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?

8.我(wo)們可(ke)以(yi)(yi)和計算機(ji)結(jie)合(he)以(yi)(yi)形成人(ren)機(ji)混(hun)合(he)物種(zhong)嗎？

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